The Lacuna Project

lacuna (n.) a gap in a record where something should be

Independent research. Not affiliated with any government, agency, or company.

International body

European Commission

Findings that rest on exhibits naming this entity

  • INF-4.10: On 12 August 2024 Commissioner Breton wrote to X's owner that the European Commission would not hesitate to make full use of its toolbox, including interim measures, and on 18 February 2025 the Commission wrote that the Digital Services Act does not regulate speech. The Commission's first non-compliance decision under the Act, against X on 5 December 2025, fined X 120 million euros for blue-checkmark design, its advertising repository and researcher data access, and did not concern the removal of any post.

Exhibits naming this entity

  • Exhibit 1134 25 July 2025. House Committee on the Judiciary (majority staff): The Foreign Censorship Threat: How the European Union's Digital Services Act Compels Global Censorship and Infringes on American Free Speech (interim staff report, with appendix of exhibits)
  • Exhibit 1135 3 February 2026. House Committee on the Judiciary (majority staff): The Foreign Censorship Threat, Part II: Europe's Decade-Long Campaign to Censor the Global Internet and How It Harms American Speech in the United States (interim staff report)
  • Exhibit 1152 19 October 2022. European Parliament and Council of the European Union: Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 (Digital Services Act)
  • Exhibit 1153 5 December 2025. European Commission: Commission fines X EUR 120 million under the Digital Services Act (press release IP/25/2934)
  • Exhibit 1154 28 May 2026. European Commission: Commission fines Temu EUR 200 million for breaching the Digital Services Act (press release IP/26/1178)
  • Exhibit 1155 12 August 2024. European Commission (Commissioner for the Internal Market): Letter from Commissioner Thierry Breton to Elon Musk (X Corp.), 12 August 2024 (Exhibit 16 to the House Judiciary report of 25 July 2025)
  • Exhibit 1156 18 February 2025. European Commission: Letter from Executive Vice-President Henna Virkkunen to Chairman Jim Jordan, 18 February 2025 (Exhibit 21 to the House Judiciary report of 25 July 2025)