Exhibit 709

Advocacy and Policy Change, pre-publication manuscript of Lobbying and Policy Change (19 July 2008)

Exhibit 709 · Pre-publication book manuscript

Advocacy and Policy Change, pre-publication manuscript of Lobbying and Policy Change (19 July 2008)

If the wealthy are so certain to win, they should already have won in a previous iteration of the process.

Draft pagination, not the printed book. Reports 214 'sides' on 98 issues and 2,221 advocates (23 per case). Chapter 1 reasons that existing policy already reflects past power, so lobbying outcomes depend on changes in mobilization, not levels. Chapter 10 Table 10.5: the side with more resources won between 45 and 56 percent of the time, with no statistically significant relationship. The same chapter calls the status-quo equilibrium 'quite unfair' in many cases.

Source: Baumgartner, Berry, Hojnacki, Kimball and Leech (manuscript hosted by the authors)
Date: 19 July 2008
Quoted from: draft Chapter 1, p. 32
Grade: Peer-reviewed
Document: https://fbaum.unc.edu/books/lobby/Advocacy_July_19_2008.pdf
Accessed: 2026-11-09
Cited by: Findings citing this exhibit

Cited by

Finding POL-2.13: Peer-reviewed Baumgartner and colleagues studied 98 issues drawn from interviews with registered lobbyists and report that 60 percent of lobbying campaigns failed to change policy. Measured resources explain less than 5 percent of the difference between successful and unsuccessful efforts.