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Exhibit 537

Food Lobbies, the Food Pyramid, and U.S. Nutrition Policy

Exhibit 537 ยท Peer-reviewed article

Food Lobbies, the Food Pyramid, and U.S. Nutrition Policy

His explanation for this decision, however, was widely disbelieved

Account of the Pyramid brochure (preparation from 1988, sent to the printer in February 1991), the April 1991 protest by the National Cattlemen's Association and other producer groups, the postponement announced by Secretary Madigan, a new $855,000 testing contract (reported), and the release one year and one day later with text emphasizing two to three daily servings of meat and dairy. Cites USDA documents and press reports for each step.

Source
Marion Nestle, International Journal of Health Services 23(3):483-496
Date
1993
Quoted from
Section 'The Food Guide Pyramid'
Grade
Peer-reviewed
Document
https://blogs.bu.edu/calandra/files/2016/06/FoodLobbiesTheFoodPyramidandU.S.NutritionPolicy.pdf
Accessed
2026-11-09
Cited by
Findings citing this exhibit
Note
Author's characterization.

Cited by

Finding AGR-4.3
Peer-reviewed In April 1991 USDA postponed the Food Guide Pyramid after the National Cattlemen's Association and other producer groups protested, and released a revised design one year and one day later. Nestle's account describes the Secretary's stated reason as "widely disbelieved." USDA's own 2011 chronology does not mention the postponement.